volker schulz and Rudolf Hansel
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 Murphy JJ, Heptinstall S, Mitchell JRA (1988) Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of feverfew in migraine prevention. Lancet ii: 189-192.
Nissen HP, Blitz H, Kreysel HW (1988) Profilometrie, eine Methode zur Beurteilung der thera-peutischen Wirksamkeit von Kamillosan-Salbe. Z Hautkr 63:184-190.
Obertreis B, Teuscher T, Behnke B, Schmitz H (1997) Pharmakologische Wirkungen des Brennes-selblatterextraktes IDS 23. In: Chrubasik S, Wink M (Hrsg) Rheumatherapie mit Phytopharmaka, Hippokrates Verlag Stuttgart: 90-96.
Olson C (1997) Australian Tea Tree Oil Guide. |
| Awang DVC (1998) Prescribing therapeutic feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz Bip., syn. Chrysanthemum parthenium (L.) Bernh.) Int. Med 1:11-13 Bamford JTM (1985) Atopic eczema unresponsive to evening primrose oil (Linoleic and Gammalinolenic acids. J Am Acad Dermatol 13: 959-965. Baron R (2000) Capsaicin and nociception: from basic mechanisms to novel drugs. Lancet 356:
785-6.
Bassett IB, Pannowitz DL, Barnetson RSC (1990) A comparative study of tea-tree oil versus benzoyl peroxide in the treatment of acne. Med J Aust 153: 455-458. |
Mark Stengler, N.D.
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 Make sure the product also contains a base of the whole herb, since we don't know, for sure, which constituents of feverfew are the active components.
For the treatment of acute migraines, take 300 milligrams every 30 minutes to a maximum of four doses daily. If you get improvement, continue on an as-needed basis without exceeding the four-a-day dosages.
While feverfew might help relieve acute migraine in some people, in my own experience I've found that it's a better preventive than treatment of migraines. |
| No side effects were reported from feverfew. It was interesting to note that 47 percent of the people in the study had already tried conventional migraine drugs without any improvement in the severity or frequency of migraines.
°^ Pain
Feverfew can be used in the treatment of many other types of pain. Some practitioners and herbalists prescribe it for toothaches, muscle injury, and other, similar types of trauma.
Fiber
Want to look healthy on the outside?
Then you have to look healthy on the inside.
That's one of the fundamental premises of natural healing traditions. |
Elson M. Haas, M.D.
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 Reports indicate that feverfew also has a moderate anti-inflammatory effect and inhibits platelet aggregation, suggesting possible use in circulatory disease and other pain problems.
At the first sign of a headache, one capsule is taken, and then another in 30 minutes. If this treatment is effective, another follow-up capsule should be taken in three or four hours. If the first two capsules do not work, a third might be attempted in an hour. If no therapeutic response is seen in two separate trials, feverfew herb will not likely be an effective migraine treatment. |
volker schulz and Rudolf Hansel
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| The identity of the active principle in feverfew is presently controversial. It has long been assumed to be parthenolide, based on the ability of that sesquiterpene lactone to inhibit the release of serotonin from blood platelets. That process is viewed as involving Michael addition to the a, p-unsaturated lactone moiety of parthenolide of systemic nucleophiles such as cysteine, which have been demonstrated in the laboratory to participate in such a reaction. In fact, the government of Canada has established a minimum of 0.2 % parthenolide as a quality criteria for the commercial product. |
Earl L. Mindell, R.Ph., Ph.D.
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 However, the lowly feverfew is not revealing its healing secrets, and the freeze-dried herb in capsules, or a tincture of the fresh leaves, is still the best way to take the plant. feverfew has also been used successfully to treat arthritis.
Treating Chronic Pain
As scientists research pain, they're finding that a wide variety of techniques which induce relaxation and increase body awareness can be used very effectively to beat the demon of chronic pain. |
Isadore Rosenfeld, M.D.
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 Some of my patients have responded to various herbal remedies such as meadowsweet, feverfew, ginseng, black horehound, asarum, mahuang, and peony. However, I cannot vouch for their efficacy, or even for their safety, for that matter. Mahuang, for example, is widely used as an aid to weight loss. Thirty-seven people recently required hospitalization in Texas and two may have died because of the ephed-rine in this commercially available herb. Ephedrine is a potent drug (considered a narcotic in some states) that speeds the heart and raises blood pressure. |
Francois Couplan, Ph.D.
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 It is stimulant, carminative, stomachic and emmenagogue. feverfew i; sometimes employed instead of chamomile.
The flowers have also been used as an insecticide like those of pyrethrurr (C. cinerariaefolium = Tanacetum cinerariifolium).
C. segetum, corn chrysanthemum - naturalized from Eurasia. The young shoots and leaves have been eaten since Antiquity in Southern Europe and Asia. They are crisp, tender and aromatic, without any bitterness.
Leaves and flowers of various species are used as food in Eastern Asia. |
Michael T. Murray, N.D.
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 The dosage of feverfew used in the London Migraine Clinic study was one capsule containing 25 milligrams of the freeze-dried, pulverized leaves twice daily. In the Nottingham study it was one capsule containing 82 milligrams of dried powdered leaves once daily. Therefore, the daily dosage of parthenolide that may be effective in the prevention of a migraine headache is roughly 0.25 to 0.5 milligrams.
While these low dosages may be effective in preventing an attack, a higher dose (1-2 grams) is necessary during an acute attack. |
Bill Gottlieb
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 He recommends taking 250 milligrams of feverfew two or three times a day in pill or capsule form. If you choose elderberry, drink some tea every few hours. gering the production of virus-fighting T cells, says Nedra Downing, D.O., an osteopathic physician who practices alternative medicine in Clarkston, Michigan. She recommends taking three drops of astragalus tincture in water three times a day for 10 days.
VITAMIN C: Keeps Your Body Strong
When you have the flu, your virus-fighting white blood cells need vitamin C to be most effective, Dr. Downing says. |
Michael T. Murray, N.D., Joseph E. Pizzorno, N.D.
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 Feverfew and ginger extracts can help prevent migraine attacks. strongly supported by over thirty-five years of research, including positive clinical results in double-blind studies with the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP).
The link between low serotonin levels and headaches is the basis of many prescription drugs for the treatment and prevention of migraine headaches. For example, the serotonin agonist drug sumatriptan (Imitrex) is now among the most popular migraine prescriptions. |
Alan Keith Tillotson, Ph.D., A.H.G., D.Ay.
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 Chrysanthemum flowers have become popular in the West, under the name feverfew, as a remedy for migraine headaches. The two names are considered interchangeable in this country, but Nai-shing notes that the chrysanthemum flowers she has seen growing in America are smaller and exhibit different coloring than the wild flowers she collected in the fields in China. Large differences have been found in various commercial preparations, and there are concerns about processing methods, so be sure to purchase chrysanthemum from a reliable supplier. |
Michael T. Murray, N.D., Joseph E. Pizzorno, N.D.
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| The second double-blind study, performed at the University of Nottingham, demonstrated that feverfew was effective in reducing the number and severity of migraine attacks. |
Bill Gottlieb
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| Or, he says, you can take one caplet twice a day of Migra-Lieve, a product that supplies magnesium, riboflavin, and feverfew, all of which have been shown to relieve migraines. It will take 1 to 3 months of regular use before relief occurs. If you plan to take it for more than 4 months, do so only with the approval and supervision of a physician experienced in the therapeutic use of herbs, says Dr. Mauskop.
GINGER: Perfect for "Vata" Headaches
Your mind races, you start a lot of new things but never finish, you have irregular habits, and you need a lot of change in your life. |
Michael T. Murray, N.D.
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| Estimation of commercial and authenticated feverfew products. / Pharmaceut Pharmacol 44, 391-395,1992.
7. Awang DVC: Commercial taheebo lacks active ingredient. Can Pharmacol J121, 323-326,1988.
8. Liberti LE and Marderosian AD: Evaluation of commercial ginseng products. / Pharmacol Sci 67, 1487-1489,1978.
9. Soldati F and Sticher O: HPLC separation and quantitative determination of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolium and from ginseng drug preparations. Planta Med 39(4), 348-357,1980.
10. Siegel RK: Ginseng abuse syndrome. JAMA 241,1614-1615,1979.
11. |
| Dosage
The effectiveness of feverfew depends on adequate levels of parthenolide, the active principle. Unfortunately, a recent analysis of the parthenolide content of more than thirty-five different commercial preparations indicates a wide variation in the amount of parthenolide.9 The majority of products contained no parthenolide or only traces.
The preparations used in successful clinical trials had a parthenolide content of 0.4 to 0.66 percent. To achieve the benefits noted in the migraine studies, the dosage of parthenolide must be similar. |
Phyllis A. Balch, CNC
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 Feverfew by itself is especially useful if you are also taking an SSRI for depression. (See under Considerations, below.) Taken as a preventive, it can also reduce the frequency of vomiting with migraine attacks.
LJ Avoid foods containing the amino acid tyramine. These include anchovies, beer, hard cheeses, chocolate, corned beef, dried meats, fava beans, fermented beans such as miso and soy sauce, lima beans, pickled herring, red wine (white wine can be used in moderation), sardines, sauerkraut, and yeast. |
Linda B. White, M.D.
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 Although no conclusive human studies have been done, in some laboratory studies extracts of feverfew were able to stop certain processes involved in rheumatoid arthritis. Typical dosage: up to three 300- or 400-milligram capsules per day,- or two average-sized fresh leaves per day,- or 15 to 30 drops of tincture per day. Caution-. Do not take during pregnancy.
Turmeric (Curcuma longa)
A common Indian spice, turmeric has also been used as a treatment for arthritis. Its active ingredient, curcumin, inhibits the production of prostaglandins. |
| Those allergic to other members of the daisy family may be allergic to feverfew. Do not use during pregnancy.
Garlic (Allium sativum)
This pungent bulb contains the anti-inflammatory substance quercetin, which can help calm the allergic response during hay fever season. Garlic is a potent antibacterial and antiviral agent, too, so it could help ward off sinusitis and make your mucous membranes less of a target for opportunistic cold and flu viruses. |
| V2 teaspoon feverfew leaf
1 teaspoon orange peel, licorice root, or stevia (optional) 4 cups water
Combine the herbs and water. Bring to a boil, then turn off the heat and let steep for at least 20 minutes. Strain out the herbs. Drink at least 2 cups daily as needed.
St.-John's-Wort (Hypericum perforatum)
The compounds in this bright yellow flower work over time to relieve mild to moderate depression, including that caused by monthly hormonal fluctuations. Typical dosage-. 7 dropperfuls of tincture per day, divided into two doses,- or 300 milligrams of capsules standardized to 0. |
| Many of today's feverfew products are standardized to a specific parthenolide content, but whether standardization is necessary isn't clear. For best results it's probably best to use the whole plant—the fresher the better. One
Herbal Remedies laboratory study found that fresh leaf extracts blocked bloodvessel constriction, which is desirable in preventing migraines, whereas dried leaf extracts elicited contractions. Although you can eat the fresh leaves (one to four per day), they taste very bitter and produce mouth sores in some of those who eat it. |
Phyllis A. Balch, CNC
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| LJ Avoid taking blue cohosh, dan shen, feverfew, garlic, ginkgo, red yeast (Cholestin), wintergreen oil, or viburnum if you are taking warfarin (Coumadin) after stroke.
LJ If you smoke, quit. Smoking raises blood pressure, which increases the risk of a second stroke.
-J Drink steam-distilled water only, to avoid exposure to waterborne toxins.
—I Maintain high levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDL, or "good" cholesterol), preferably above 42 mg/dl. |
| Do not take feverfew if you are pregnant.
HERBS TO AVOID
-J People who have osteoporosis should avoid coleus (forskolin). (For more information regarding this herb, see COLEUS under The Herbs in Part One.)
FORMULAS
FORMULA COMMENTS
Eight-Ingredient In laboratory studies, these traditional Chinese herbal
Pill With Rehmannia formulas prevent the erosion and pocketing of bone in or animals deprived of estrogen. |
| People with migraines who take SSRIs should also take feverfew, which prevents surges in serotonin levels. (For information about herbal antidepressants that do not cause migraine pain, see DEPRESSION in Part Two.)
LM Women who suffer from migraines should not use high-estrogen birth control pills. This increases the risk of stroke.
LM Coital headache—that is, migraine pain occurring during sexual climax—affects both sexes. Coital headache accompanied by nausea, vomiting, visual disturbances, loss of motor control, or loss of consciousness should always be brought to a doctor's attention. |
Michael T. Murray, N.D.
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| Awang DVC: feverfew. Can Pharm / 122, 266-270, 1989.
11_
Garlic
Key uses of garlic:
• Cancer prevention
• Diabetes
• High blood pressure
• High cholesterol
• Infection
General description
Garlic (Allium sativum), a member of the lily family, is a perennial plant that is cultivated worldwide. The garlic bulb is composed of individual cloves enclosed in a white skin. It is the bulb, either fresh or dehydrated, that is used as a spice or medicinal herb.
Chemical composition
Garlic contains a volatile oil (0.1-0. |
Ralph Golan, M.D.
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 HERBAL REMEDIES
• Take feverfew to prevent migraines (one or two capsules three times a day).
• Valerian, a well-known herbal sedative, can relieve simple or tension headaches. Take alone or combined with such synergistic-acting herbs as passionflower, skullcap, and hops (three or four capsules taken together). If no relief occurs within one hour, repeat the dose.
• White willow bark, one of the original plant sources for aspirin before it was chemically synthesized, can be taken as a strong tea (up to 3 cups a day) or in capsule form (two or three capsules three or four times a day). |
| Herbal Bromelain from Eclectic Institute, Sandy, Oregon, contains these traditional arthritis herbs plus black cohosh, ginger, celery, onion, and feverfew.
• Cayenne ointment rubbed into the skin of the affected area (up to three or four times a day) increases circulation to the joint and may enhance the outcome of other treatments. Available as Cayenne Ointment from Herbal Technology/Khalsa Health Center of Seattle.
• Sea cucumber extract may provide safe and efficient relief for both osteo and rheumatoid arthritis. (Available from SeaCare, Dept. S-ll, P.O. |
Phyllis A. Balch, CNC
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| Avoid using feverfew for two weeks prior to undergoing elective surgery.
Fritillaria
Latin name: Fritillaria thunbergii (Liliaceae [lily] family) Other common name: Thunberg fritillaria bulb
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Fritillaria is an Oriental lily that is gathered in the early summer after the aerial (aboveground) parts of the plant have withered. Herbal medicine uses thick slices of the rhizome.
Using the right species of fritillaria is important. Asian herbalists use a second variety of fritillaria, Fritillaria cir-rhosa, that is toxic without careful processing. |
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